April: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Dolly, C., Fisher, R., Yildirim, M., Hansen, E., & Gao, J. (forthcoming). Multi-model analysis of body-worn camera recordings: Evaluating novel methods for measuring police implementation of procedural justice. National Institute of Justice.
Adams, I. T., McLean, K., & Alpert, G. (2024). Improving police behavior through artificial intelligence: Pre-registered experimental results in two large US agencies. CrimRxiv. https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.160e914f
Adams, I. T., Barter, M., McLean, K., Boehme, H., & Geary, I. A. (2024). No man’s hand: Artificial intelligence does not improve police report writing speed. CrimRxiv. https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.4a6d42e9
Phoenix, J., & Taylor, M. (2024). Prompt engineering for generative AI: Future-proof inputs for reliable AI outputs at scale. O'Reilly Media.
Marchant, G. E. (2011). The growing gap between emerging technologies and the law. In G. E. Marchant, B. R. Allenby, & J. R. Herkert (Eds.), The international library of ethics, law and technology (Vol. 7, pp. 19–33). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1356-7_2
White, M. D., Malm, A., Watts, S., & Navarrete, G. B. (2025). Officer acceptance and use of AI-driven body-worn camera footage review. CrimRxiv. https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.291631e5
March: Crime Gun Intelligence
Crime Gun Intelligence Centers (n.d.). ATF CGIC Best Practices Guide. Retrieved March 2025, from https://crimegunintelcenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/CGI-Best-Practices-Handbook-2020.pdf
Crime Gun Intelligence Centers (n.d.). CGIC Practices: Lessons Learned from the Field. Retrieved March 2025, from https://crimegunintelcenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CGIC_best_practice_6.21.19.pdf
Flippin, M.R., Katz, C. M., & King, W. R. (2022). Examining the impact of a crime gun intelligence center. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 67(2), 543–549.
Gagliardi, P. (2019). The 13 Critical Tasks, An Inside-Out Approach to Solving More Gun Crime (3.0). Ultra Electronics Forensic Technology, Inc.
Koper, C., Vovak, H., & Cowell, B. (2019). Evaluation of the Milwaukee Police Department’s Crime Gun Intelligence Center (p. 51) [Final Report]. National Policing Institute.
February: Offender-Focused Programs
Braga, A. A., Hureau, D., & Winship, C. (2008). Losing faith? Police, black churches, and the resurgence of youth violence in Boston. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6(1), 141–172.
Braga, A. A., MacDonald, J. M., Douglas, S., Wade, B., & Struhl, B. (2024). Focused deterrence, strategic management, and effective gun violence prevention. Criminology & Public Policy, 23(4), 919-946. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12682
Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. (2012). The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(3), 323-358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811419368
Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D. L., & Turchan, B. (2018). Focused deterrence strategies and crime control: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(1), 205-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12353
Brenan, M. (2024, October 29). Smaller majorities say crime in U.S. is serious, increasing. Gallup. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/652763/smaller-majorities-say-crime-serious-increasing.aspx
Fox, A., Novak, K., & Yaghoub, M. (2015). Measuring the impact of Kansas City's no violence alliance. Kansas City, MO: Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Missouri—Kansas City. Retrieved from https://crimegunintelcenters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Measuring-the-impact-of-Kansas-Citys-No-Violence-Alliance.pdf
Higgins, B. R., & Hunt, J. (2016, September). Collective: Taking action to improve neighborhoods. NIJ Journal, 277, 18-21. Retrieved from https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249823.pdf
Hinkle, J. C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., & Petersen, K. (2020). Problem-oriented policing for reducing crime and disorder: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(2), e1089. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cl2.1089
Martinez, N. N., Lee, Y.J., Eck, J. E., & O, S.H. (2017). Ravenous wolves revisited: A systematic review of offending concentration. Crime Science, 6, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40163-017-0072-2
National Gang Center. (2021, April). Group Violence Intervention. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved from https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/spt/Programs/42
Papachristos, A. V., Meares, T. L., & Fagan, J. (2007). Attention felons: Evaluating Project Safe Neighborhoods in Chicago. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 4(2), 223-272.
Piquero, A. R., Hawkins, J. D., & Kazemian, L. (2012). Criminal career patterns. In B.C. Welsh & D.P. Farrington (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention (pp. 49-72). Oxford University Press.
Scott, M. S. (2017). Focused deterrence of high-risk individuals. Strategies for policing innovation: Problem-Oriented guides for police (No. 13). Retrieved from https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/default/files/spi_focused_deterrence_pop_guide_final.pdf
Tillyer, M. S., Engel, R. S., & Lovins, B. (2012). Beyond Boston: Applying theory to understand and address sustainability issues in focused deterrence initiatives for violence reduction. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 973-997. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710382343
Weisburd, D., & Telep, C. W. (2014). Hot spots policing: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 200-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214525083
January: Law Enforcement Roadway Safety
Belenky, G., Wesensten, N. J., Thorne, D .R., Thomas, M. L., Sing, H. C., Redmond, D. P., Russo, M. B., & Balkin, T. J. (2003). Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: A sleep dose‐response study. Journal of Sleep Research, 12, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00337.x
National Law Enforcement Memorial Fund (n.d.). Hurting ourselves: 5-Year study, 2017 – 2021. https://nleomf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/NHTSA-2022-5-Year-study-Hurting-Ourselves-Infographic.pdf
Pieper, Shannon. (2018). Deadly connection: Domestic incidents and police ambushes. Lexipol. https://www.lexipol.com/resources/blog/deadly-connection-domestic-incidents-police-ambushes/
Rice, T. M., Troszak, L., & Gustafson, B. G. (2015). Epidemiology of law enforcement vehicle collisions in the U.S. and California. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(3), 425–435.
Shibata, A., & Fukuda, K. (1994). Risk factors of fatality in motor vehicle traffic accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 26(3), 391–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)90013-2
Wehr, K. (2015). Agency culture and the banality of risk. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(3), 539–562.
Williamson, A. M., & Feyer, A. M. (2000). Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(10), 649–655. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.57.10.649
December: Crisis Response
Bailey, K., Lowder, E. M., Grommon, E., Rising, S., & Ray, B. R. (2022). Evaluation of a police-mental health co-response team relative to traditional police response in Indianapolis. Psychiatric Services, 73, 366–373.
Blais, E., & Brisebois, D. (2021). Improving police responses to suicide-related emergencies: New evidence on the effectiveness of co-response police-mental health programs. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 51, 1095–1105.
Blais, E., Landry, M., Elazhary, N., Carrier, S., & Savard, A. M. (2022). Assessing the capability of a co-responding police-mental health program to connect emotionally disturbed people with community resources and decrease police use-of-force. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 18, 41–65.
Lowder, E. M., Grommon, E., Bailey, K., & Ray, B. (2024). Police-mental health co-response versus police-as-usual response to behavioral health emergencies: A pragmatic randomized effectiveness trial. Social Science & Medicine, 345, 116723-116723.
Center for Police Research and Policy. (2021). Assessing the Impact of Co-Responder Team Programs: A Review of Research. University of Cincinnati. https://www.informedpoliceresponses.com/_files/ugd/313296_4a364b2093ed4fb9be28dd6dd977816b.pdf
Every-Palmer, S., Kim, A. H. M., Cloutman, L., & Kuehl, S. (2023). Police, ambulance and psychiatric co-response versus usual care for mental health and suicide emergency callouts: A quasi-experimental study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 57(4), 572–582.
Kisely, S., Campbell, L. A., Peddle, S., Hare, S., Pyche, M., Spicer, D., & Moore, B. (2010). A controlled before-and-after evaluation of a mobile crisis partnership between mental health and police services in Nova Scotia. La Revue Canadienne de psychiatrie, 55(10), 662–668.
Lamanna, D., Shapiro, G. K., Kirst, M., Matheson, F. I., Nakhost, A., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2018). Co-responding police-mental health programmes: Service user experiences and outcomes in a large urban centre. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(2), 891-900.
Shapiro, G. K., Cusi, A., Kirst, M., O’Campo, P., Nakhost, A., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2015). Co-responding police-mental health programs: A review. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 606–620.
Yang, S. M., Gill, C., Kanewske, L. C., Lu, Y. F., Mazam, M., Thompson, P. S., Hall, H., & Chapman, K. (2022). Improving police response to mental health crisis in a rural area. Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University. https://cebcp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Yang-et-al-RCPD-Mental-Health-Final-Report.pdf
September: Training
Council on Criminal Justice. (2021). Effectiveness of police training. Task Force on Policing. Retrieved from https://assets.foleon.com/eu-central-1/de-uploads-7e3kk3/41697/effectiveness_of_police_training.f83a079a3503.pdf
Isaza, G. T., McManus, H. D., & Pompoco, A. R. (2022). Integrating evidence into training to improve police services to communities. Journal of Community Justice, XXXII(1), 7–14.
Lum, C., Koper, C. S., Gill, C., Hibdon, J., Telep, C., & Robinson, L. (2016). An evidence-assessment of the recommendations of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing – Implementation and research priorities. Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2022). Police training to promote the rule of law and protect the population. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Research Council (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. W. Skogan, & K. Frydl (Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Reaves, B. A. (2016). State and local law enforcement training academies, 2013. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/slleta13.pdf
Sherman, L.W. (1998). Evidence-Based policing. National Policing Institute. https://www.policinginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Sherman-1998-Evidence-Based-Policing.pdf
Skogan, W. G., Van Craen, M., & Hennessy, C. (2015). Training police for procedural justice. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11, 319–334.
August: Education
Hippert, D.G. (2024). The Role of Criminal Justice Degree Programs in Influencing Use of Force Practices: The Police Supervisor’s Perspective. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2024.2328149
Rydberg, J., & Terrill, W. (2010) The Effect of Higher Education on Police Behavior. Police Quarterly. DOI: 10.1177/1098611109357325
U.S. Department of Justice Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2016). Advancing Diversity in Law Enforcement. https://www.justice.gov/crt/policediversity
July: Evidence-Based Policing
Eccles, M.P., & Mittman, B.S. (2006). Welcome to Implementation Science. Implementation Science, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-1-1
Sherman, L. W. (1998). Evidence-Based policing. National Policing Institute. https://www.policinginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Sherman-1998-Evidence-Based-Policing.pdf
University of Washington. (n.d.). What is implementation science? https://impsciuw.org/implementation-science/learn/implementation-science-overview/#:~:text=The%20field%20of%20implementation%20science,interventions%20and%20evidence%20based%20practices
June: Community Engagement
Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C., Vitter, Z., Bennett, T. (2017). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder, and fear and improve legitimacy and satisfaction with police: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews: Vol. 13. (pp. 1-30). Protocol. https://doi.org/10.1002/CL2.174
Lum, C., & Nagin, D. S. (2017). Reinventing American policing. In M. Tonry & D. S. Nagin (Eds.), Crime and justice: Vol. 46. Reinventing American criminal justice. (pp. 339–393). University of Chicago Press. https://cebcp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2017-Lum-and-Nagin-Reinventing-American-Policing.pdf
Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy. Procedural Justice and police legitimacy. (2023, December 6). https://post.ca.gov/procedural-justice-and-police-legitimacy
Rosenbaum, D.P. (2024). Can we fix the “crisis of legitimacy” in American policing? National Policing Institute. https://www.policinginstitute.org/publication/can-we-fix-the-crisis-of-legitimacy-in-american-policing/
Santos, R., & Santos, R. (2024). Operationalizing proactive community engagement: A framework for police organizations. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. https://portal.cops.usdoj.gov/resourcecenter/content.ashx/cops-r1145-pub.pdf
Tyler, T. R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203262627
Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (Eds.). (2019). Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Z7OQDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA27&dq=community+involvement+in+police+operations&ots=tPnsJNSBqm&sig=RruYjmQ5h11anaKfwIHd4nWot18#v=onepage&q=community%20involvement%20in%20police%20operations&f=false
April: Violent Crime Reduction
Braga, A.A., Turchan, B.S., Papachristos, A.V. et al. (2019) Hot spots policing and crime reduction: An update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exp Criminol 15, 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-019-09372-3
Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D., & Turchan, B. (2019). Focused deterrence strategies effects on crime: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 15(3), e1051. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1051
Corsaro, N., Engel, R.S., Herold, T.D., & Yildirim, M. (2019). Implementing gang & gun violence reduction strategies in Las Vegas, Nevada: Hot spots evaluation results. Report to the Las Vegas Metro Police Department.
Koper, C. S. (1995). Just enough police presence: Reducing crime and disorderly behavior by 75 optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots. Justice Quarterly, 12, 649-672.
McGarrell, E. F., Kroovand Hipple, N., Corsaro, N., Bynum, T. S., Perez, H., Zimmerman, C. A., & Garmo, M. (2009). Project Safe Neighborhoods – A national program to reduce gun crime: Final project report. Michigan State University.
Santos, R.G. & Santos, R.B. (2020) Stratified policing: An organizational model for proactive crime reduction and accountability. Rowman & Littlefield.
Skogan, W. G. (2006). The promise of community policing. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 27-43). Cambridge University Press.
March: Women in Policing
Milton, C. H., Abramowitz, A., Crites, L., Gates, M., Mintz, E., & Sandler, G. (1974, December). Women in policing a manual. Police Foundation. https://www.policinginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/PF_Women-in-Policing-A-Manual.pdf
Riccucci, N. M., Van Ryzin, G. G., & Lavena, C. F. (2014). Representative bureaucracy in policing: Does it increase perceived legitimacy? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24 (3), 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muu006
Schuck, A. M., & Rabe-Hemp, C. E. (2024). Women police, legitimacy, and ethics of care. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 18. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paae006
Starheim, R., Muhlhausen, D. B., & Captain Ivonne Roman. (2019). Women in policing: Breaking barriers and blazing a path. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/252963.pdf